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The safety of COVID-19 pharmacotherapy is a relevant issue, first of all, because of the current lack of experience with using particular medicinal products and with off-label prescribing. The aim of the study was to analyse information on potential adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and their predictors in etiology- and pathogenesis-oriented COVID-19 therapy. According to literature data, the main clinically significant risk factors for COVID-19 patients to develop an ADR are the duration of their hospital stay, combined use of antivirals, polypharmacy, and their history of drug allergies. The most common adverse reactions to antivirals, to virus-neutralising antibodies, and to human anti-COVID-19 immunoglobulin and convalescent plasma are, respectively, gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary disorders;gastrointestinal disorders, neurological disorders, and allergic reactions;and transfusion reactions (fever, chills, etc.). For pathogenesis-oriented therapy with systemic glucocorticosteroids, the most characteristic ADR is hyperglycaemia. Janus kinase inhibitors and interleukin inhibitors are most often associated with gastrointestinal disorders and hypertransaminasemia;neutropenia is also characteristic of a number of interleukin inhibitors. Haemostatic adverse reactions to anticoagulants depend on the patient's dosing regimen and condition. Drug-drug interactions are a common problem in COVID-19 treatment, with the combination of nirmatrelvir and ritonavir showing the largest number of significant interactions attributed to their pharmacokinetics. Currently, there is data on the role of pharmacogenetic biomarkers in the safety and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 therapy. Thus, to improve the safety of COVID-19 therapy, an integrated approach is needed that will take into account both the clinical, demographic, and pharmacogenetic predictors of ADRs and the risk of drug-drug interactions.Copyright © 2023 Safety and Risk of Pharmacotherapy. All rights reserved.
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COVID-19 is mainly a respiratory illness caused by the SARS-CoV-2 but can also lead to GI symptoms. The primary host receptor which mediates the mechanism as SARS-CoV-2 enters the cell is the ACE2 receptor. Therefore, GI symptoms can be common in COVID-19, and in some cases, they are the first manifestation even before fever and respiratory symptoms. In addition, the liver function tests alteration often is related to a worse prognosis. The exact incidence of GI symptoms is a matter of debate. Moreover, wide variation concerning GI symptoms frequency exists, but the predominant ones seem to be diarrhea, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain or discomfort.This review summarizes the most relevant findings of COVID-19 on the digestive system, including the liver, biliary tract, pancreas, the most common GI symptoms, and the atypical clinical GI manifestations.Copyright © 2022 Sociedad Medica del Hospital General de Mexico. Published by Permanyer.
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The aim of the study was to assess the frequency of symptoms of post-COVID syndrome by means of a questionnaire among medical university employees. Material and methods. From March 2021 to February 2022, an anonymous online survey was conducted at the A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation. Only 313 fully completed questionnaires were selected for analysis. Results and discussion. A wide range of asthenic, infectious-inflammatory, respiratory, cardiovascular, neuropsychiatric, gastroenterological and dermatological symptoms were noted both during the peak period and during the convalescence of COVID-19. According to the subjective data of respondents, for more than 3 months, various symptoms associated with deterioration of health after recovering from a new coronavirus infection persisted in 25.9% of cases. Within 3-6 months after the illness and more than 6 months, 44.6% and 55.4% of respondents noted the presence of symptoms of post-COVID syndrome, respectively. During the analysis, it was found that with an increase in the volume of lung damage according to CT data, there was a tendency to increase the proportion of respondents with a long-term (more than 6 months) persistent symptoms of post-COVID syndrome from 20% with CT score 0, up to 29% with CT score 1-2 and up to 58% with CT score 3-4. In this regard, apparently, it is necessary to develop additional screening programs as part of the medical examination of COVID-19 patients. Conclusion. SARS-CoV-2 infection causes a wide range of symptoms both during the period of the disease and during the period of convalescence. Attention should be paid to the need for a targeted survey of patients who have undergone COVID-19 to identify the manifestations of post-COVID syndrome and conduct their medical examination with the participation of a multidisciplinary team.Copyright © Eco-Vector, 2022.
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Evaluate the safety and tolerability of losmapimod in the treatment for FSHD. FSHD is a relentless, variably progressive disease leading to accumulation of disability over decades. Fulcrum is developing losmapimod, a small molecule p38 alpha/beta MAPK inhibitor, to treat FSHD. Losmapimod has been generally well-tolerated in more than 3,600 subjects across multiple clinical studies, including >100 subjects with FSHD. Fulcrum has assessed losmapimod in FSHD in one completed phase 1 study (FIS 001-2018) and two ongoing Phase 2 studies in the open label extension period (FIS 001-2019 and FIS 002-2019). Subjects aged 18-65 years with genetically confirmed FSHD1, clinical severity score 2-4, and MRI-eligible muscles for biopsy were exposed to losmapimod 7.5 or 15 mg twice daily PO for 14 days and up to 76 weeks. In study FIS 001-2018, 6 subjects were exposed to 7.5 mg and 11 subjects to 15 mg twice daily dosing for 14 consecutive days. In studies FIS 001-2019 and FIS 002-2019, 14 and 77 subjects respectively, received at least one dose of losmapimod 15 mg twice daily for up to 76 weeks. A total of 108 subjects with FSHD1 have been exposed to losmapimod, with approximately 131 patient-years of exposure. Fifty-seven subjects have been exposed to losmapimod for 12 to 18 months, and 30 have been exposed for over 18 months. Most adverse events (AEs) observed during the studies were considered of mild to moderate in severity. The most common AEs were alanine aminotransferase (ALT) increase, headache, dizziness, dry skin, eczema and gastrointestinal disorders. The majority of AEs resolved with continued dosing. Dosing has been paused for 14 days in four subjects (3 in FIS 001-2019 and 1 in FIS 002-2019) subjects due to COVID-19 infection. There were no reported drug related SAEs, deaths, discontinuations due to AEs, or clinically significant changes in vital signs, clinical laboratory results, or ECG parameters. Losmapimod given as up to 15 mg twice daily in >100 subjects with FSHD1 for up to 76 weeks has been generally well-tolerated, consistent with that previously reported in other patient populations. Therefore, the benefit-risk profile of losmapimod for the treatment of FSHD remains favorable.Copyright © 2022
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Introduction. The connection between the health of the oral cavity and general health is well known, because oral diseases can impair general health, but the health of the oral cavity can also be impaired due to the existence of a systemic disease. The structures of the oral cavity can be affected directly by the disease or indirectly due to the influence of drugs or due to the patient's behavior. Oral manifestations affect hard dental tissues, supporting tissues and oral mucosa. The changes that occur can lead to pain and discomfort, cause concern for the child and parents, and can be completely asymptomatic. Doctors of dental medicine are often the first to suspect the presence of a disease during a routine examination, because the area of the oral cavity is easily accessible for early detection of pathological changes. That way, they can directly influence the course and therapy of the systemic disease by early recognition and referring the patient to further tests. Aim of the lecture is to present oral manifestations of gastrointestinal diseases, diabetes, blood diseases, bacterial diseases and viral diseases with a special focus on COVID-19.
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Background: Oral antivirals (nirmatrelvir/ritonavir and molnupiravir), intravenous short treatment of remdesivir and anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been used for early COVID-19 treatments in high risk of disease progression patients. Little is known about the impact of therapies on post-acute COVID-19 (PACS). We aimed to compare the efficacy of these therapies in terms of death, hospitalization rate and PACS at 3 months. Method(s): We conducted a retrospective observational study including all eligible outpatients aged >=18 evaluated from April 2021 to March 2022 at our COVID-19 Clinic. Patients were stratified into 3 groups: mAbs, antivirals (oral and short-course remdesivir) and controls (eligible patients who refused treatment). Persistence of symptoms (fever, dysgeusia/anosmia, cough, pharyngodynia, dyspnea, chills, nasal congestion, myalgia, headache, gastrointestinal disease, and neuro-behavioural symptoms, such as asthenia, anxiety/mood disorder, memory and concentration deficit) were evaluated after 3 months. We estimated the associations between each considered outcome and treatment through univariate and multivariable logistic models adjusted by sex, age, vaccination, early COVID treatment, treatment group and number of comorbidities (when appropriate). Result(s): We included 649 patients (51.6% males, median age 67 years, 14% unvaccinated): 242 patients were treated with mAbs, 197 with antivirals and 210 received no treatment. Overall, 36.7% of subjects had cerebro-cardiovascular disease, 22% were obese and 50% had more than one comorbidity. Overall, 29 patients (4.5%) died or were hospitalized. Death or hospitalization was positively associated only with older ages with a significant linear trend (p for trend: 0.033). Data on PACS at 3 months were available for 323 (49.8%) patients. Females showed a positive association with long COVID, with an OR of 2.14 (95% CI: 1.30-3.53) as compared to men. Patients treated with antiviral drugs showed an inverse association with long COVID (OR: 0.43, 95% CI: 0.21-0.87 as compared to not treated patients). Patients who were treated with monoclonal antibodies showed an OR of 0.48 (95% CI: 0.25-0.92) as compared to those in the control group (Table 1). Conclusion(s): The impact of early COVID-19 therapies on PACS is unknown. Our results showed that these treatments, in particular mAbs, can reduce persistence of neuro-behavioural symptoms at 3 months. (Table Presented).
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BACKGROUND: SARS-CoV-2 ribonucleic acid (RNA) has been detected in feces, but RNA is not infectious. This systematic review aims to answer if fecal SARS-CoV-2 is experimentally infectious and if evidence of human fecal-oral SARS-CoV-2 transmission exists. METHODS: On September 19, 2022, we searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, medRxiv, and bioRxiv. Biomedical studies inoculating SARS-CoV-2 from feces, rectal, or anal swabs in cells, tissue, organoids, or animals were included. Epidemiological studies of groups differing in exposure to fecal SARS-CoV-2 were included. Risk of bias was assessed using standardized tools. Results were summarized by vote counting, tabulation, and a harvest plot. PROSPERO registration no. CRD42020221719. RESULTS: A total of 4,874 studies were screened; 26 studies were included; and 13 out of 23 biomedical studies (56.5%) succeeded in infection. Two (66.7%) epidemiological studies found limited evidence suggesting fecal-oral transmission. All studies had concerns about the risk of bias. CONCLUSIONS: It is possible to experimentally infect cell cultures, organoids, and animals with fecal SARS-CoV-2. No strong epidemiologic evidence was found to support human fecal-oral transmission. We advise future research to study fecal infectivity at different time points during infection, apply appropriate controls, use in vivo models, and study fecal exposure as a risk factor of transmission in human populations.
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Objective: Adverse drug reactions increase morbidity and mortality, prolong hospital stay and increase healthcare costs. The primary objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of emergency department visits for adverse drug reactions and to describe their characteristics. The secondary objective was to determine the predictor variables of hospitalization for adverse drug reactions associated with emergency department visits. Method(s): Observational and retrospective study of adverse drug reactions registered in an emergency department, carried out from November 15th to December 15th, 2021. The demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients, the drugs involved and the adverse drug reactions were described. Logistic regression was performed to identify factors related to hospitalization for adverse drug reactions. Result(s): 10,799 patients visited the emergency department and 216 (2%) patients with adverse drug reactions were included. The mean age was 70 +/- 17.5 (18-98) years and 47.7% of the patients were male. A total of 54.6% of patients required hospitalization and 1.6% died from adverse drug reactions. The total number of drugs involved was 315 with 149 different drugs. The pharmacological group corresponding to the nervous system constituted the most representative group (n = 81). High-risk medications, such as antithrombotic agents (n = 53), were the subgroup of medications that caused the most emergency department visits and hospitalization. Acenocumarol (n = 20) was the main drug involved. Gastrointestinal (n = 62) disorders were the most common. Diarrhea (n = 16) was the most frequent adverse drug reaction, while gastrointestinal bleeding (n = 13) caused the highest number of hospitalizations. Charlson comorbidity index behaved as an independent risk factor for hospitalization (aOR 3.24, 95% CI: 1.47-7.13, p = 0.003, in Charlson comorbidity index 4-6;and aOR 20.07, 95% CI: 6.87-58.64, p = 0.000, in Charlson comorbidity index >= 10). Conclusion(s): The prevalence of emergency department visits for adverse drug reactions continues to be a non-negligible health problem. High-risk drugs such as antithrombotic agents were the main therapeutic subgroup involved. Charlson comorbidity index was an independent factor in hospitalization, while gastrointestinal bleeding was the adverse drug reaction with the highest number of hospital admissions.Copyright © 2022 Sociedad Espanola de Farmacia Hospitalaria (S.E.F.H)
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The current article describes the course and treatment of chronic gastrointestinal diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic. We analyzed articles about iatrogenic harm to the gastrointestinal tract by etiological and pathogenetic therapy of the COVID-19. National and international recommendations for gastrointestinal endoscopy for infected and uninfected patients are analyzed.Copyright © A.M. SHCHIKOTA, I.V. POGONCHENKOVA, E.A. TUROVA, M.A. RASSULOVA, M.S. FILIPPOV.
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We reviewed literature about the effects of novel coronavirus disease COVID-19 on the digestive system. The review ses the pathogenesis, the natural history, and the frequency of gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary complications in patientCOVID-19. We briefly overviewed therapy for intestinal, liver, and pancreatic damage by COVID-19.Copyright © 2021, Media Sphera Publishing Group. All rights reserved.
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COVID-19 may be a very contagion caused by a recently discovered called corona virus. Novel corona virus was found in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. World Health Organization has declared the COVID-19 as pandemic disease and outbreak as a health emergency globally. Novel Corona Virus is additionally referred to as severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus- 2. The foremost infected people with corona virus show commonly respiratory illness like- fever, cold, sneezing, cough, pneumonia, upper respiratory illness, GIT disease like nausea, vomiting as symptoms. Recently published evidences stated that light Fever and cough within the 80 % patients, shortness of breath in 30-35% patients and 10-15% patients show Muscle ache and other ache. Novel Corona virus enters through the membrane ACE-2 receptor within the human cell. Corona virus is spherical or pleomorphic, single stranded, enveloped ribose macromolecule and included club shaped glycoprotein. SARS, Respiratory (breathing) infections are often transmission via droplets of various diameter like >5-10 micrometer. Molecular test administered with respiratory samples, like throat swab, sputum and broncholveolar lavage and in some severe cases it reported in stool and blood also. After the WHO and other diagnostic guideline said that the PCR and RT-PCR test reported for corona diagnosis.Copyright © 2022 Dr. Yashwant Research Labs Pvt. Ltd.. All rights reserved.
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OBJECTIVES: The beneficial effects of ozone therapy consist mainly of the promotion of blood circulation: peripheral and central ischemia, immunomodulatory effect, energy boost, regenerative and reparative properties, and correction of chronic oxidative stress. Ozone therapy increases interest in new neuroprotective strategies that may represent therapeutic targets for minimizing the effects of oxidative stress. METHOD(S): The overview examines the latest literature in neurological pathologies treated with ozone therapy as well as our own experience with ozone therapy. The effectiveness of treatments is connected to the ability of ozone therapy to reactivate the antioxidant system to address oxidative stress for chronic neurodegenerative diseases, strokes, and other pathologies. Application options include large and small autohemotherapy, intramuscular application, intra-articular, intradiscal, paravertebral and epidural, non-invasive rectal, transdermal, mucosal, or ozonated oils and ointments. The combination of different types of ozone therapy stimulates the benefits of the effects of ozone. RESULT(S): Clinical studies on O2-O3 therapy have been shown to be efficient in the treatment of neurological degenerative disorders, multiple sclerosis, cardiovascular, peripheral vascular, orthopedic, gastrointestinal and genitourinary pathologies, fibromyalgia, skin diseases/wound healing, diabetes/ulcers, infectious diseases, and lung diseases, including the pandemic disease caused by the COVID-19 coronavirus. CONCLUSION(S): Ozone therapy is a relatively fast administration of ozone gas. When the correct dose is administered, no side effects occur. Further clinical and experimental studies will be needed to determine the optimal administration schedule and to evaluate the combination of ozone therapy with other therapies to increase the effectiveness of treatment.Copyright © 2021 Neuroendocrinology Letters.
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Background and aim: The long-term consequences of COVID- 19 infection on the gastrointestinal tract remain unclear. Here we aimed to evaluate the prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms and post-COVID-19 disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBI) after hospitalization for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Material(s) and Method(s): GI-COVID19 is a prospective, multicenter, controlled study. Patients with and without COVID-19 diagnosis were evaluated upon hospital admission and after 1, 6, and 12 months post-hospitalization. Gastrointestinal symptoms, anxiety, and depression were assessed using validated questionnaires, namely the Gastrointestinal Symptoms Rating Scale (GSRS), the Hanxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Rome IV Diagnostic Questionnaire for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in Adults. Result(s): The study included 2183 hospitalized patients. The primary analysis included a total of 883 patients (614 COVID-19 patients and 269 controls) due to the exclusion of patients with pre-existing gastrointestinal symptoms and/or surgery. At enrollment, gastrointestinal symptoms were more frequent among COVID-19 patients than in the control group (59.3% vs. 39.7%, P<0.001). At the 12-month follow- up, constipation and hard stools were significantly more prevalent in controls than in COVID-19 patients (16% vs. 9.6%, P=0.019 and 17.7% vs. 10.9%, P=0.011, respectively). Compared to controls, COVID- 19 patients reported higher rates of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) according to Rome IV criteria: 0.5% vs. 3.2%, P=0.045. Factors significantly associated with IBS diagnosis included history of allergies, chronic intake of proton pump inhibitors, and presence of dyspnea. [Table presented] At the 6-month follow-up, the rate of COVID-19 patients fulfilling the criteria for depression was higher than among controls. Conclusion(s): Compared to controls, hospitalized COVID-19 patients had fewer complaints of constipation and hard stools at 12 months after acute infection. COVID-19 patients had significantly higher rates of IBS than controls. ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04691895.Copyright © 2023. Editrice Gastroenterologica Italiana S.r.l.
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Background: The importance of vaccination in today's world is extremely important given the COVID-19 epidemic. About 30% of the world's population suffers from allergies. Among them, 25% of patients according to the WHO, had an episode of urticaria at least once in their life. Urticaria is one of the most common allergic diseases, which is the highest in-patient admission toll at Dnipro Allergy Center. During the year 2021, 600 patients with urticaria were treated in the hospital. Patients with chronic recurrent urticaria do not want to be vaccinated because of the fear of complications such as anaphylaxis.Vaccination of urticaria patients without complications. Method(s): The study involved 45 patients aged 18 to 65 years, with a mean age of 34.3 +/- 1.0 (13 males and 32 females). The average experience of the disease is 3.6 +/- 0.8 years. Patients with chronic recurrent urticaria were admitted to the in-patient unit. Prior to vaccination, they were tested for tryptase levels, a detailed platelet blood test, coagulogram, D-dimer, and ECG. Result(s): Many patients had concominant gastrointestinal pathology in the form of gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) -20 patients (44.4%), peptic ulcer disease disease -17 patients (37.7%), or stomach pathology in 45 patients (100%), which required proton pump inhibitors (PPI). Given that PPIs are a risk factor for anaphylaxis, according to EAACI documents, PPIs were discontinued three days before vaccination. Serum tryptase levels were elevated in 3 patients (13 mug/l, 16 mug/l, 32 mug/l). All patients underwent premedication. At normal serum tryptase levels, patients received 1-fold dose of desloratadine, and at high serum tryptase levels: 13 mug/l, 16 mug/l and 32 mug/l, patients received 4-fold dose of desloratadine. After 30 minutes vaccination shot was carried out without side effects and without complications of allergic nature. The second vaccination shot was also protected by antihistamines, so all the patients we observed had received 2 shots of the vaccine not complicated by side effects such as fever or allergic reactions. Conclusion(s): All patients were vaccinated without complications. In urticaria patients, serum tryptase levels should be determined prior to vaccination. Depending on the level of tryptase, appropriate premedication is prescribed: with a high level of tryptase -4- fold dose of desloratodine, with a normal level -1- fold dose. All patients with urticaria should be diagnosed with concomitant pathology in order to correct the basic therapy before vaccination.
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Introduction: Groove pancreatitis is a rare form of chronic pancreatitis. Its radiological diagnosis is challenging and it can be difficult to distinguish from pancreaticoduodenal malignancy. Case description: A 64-year-old woman was admitted to our internal medicine ward after she contracted severe COVID-19 pneumonia requiring mechanical ventilation. She presented with right upper abdominal pain, and a CT scan showed pancreaticoduodenal inflammatory tissue; malignancy was ruled out. Conclusion: Diagnosing groove pancreatitis is challenging and malignancy must be quickly excluded. No cases of COVID-19-associated groove pancreatitis have been previously described. LEARNING POINTS: Groove or paraduodenal pancreatitis is a rare form of chronic pancreatitis, and usually associated with alcohol use.The differential diagnosis includes pancreaticobiliary and duodenal malignancies.Radiological diagnosis is challenging and treatment is usually supportive.
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Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can cause a variety of gastroenterological symptoms. A relevant proportion of patients complain of symptoms typical of gastroenteritis;the number of patients affected by gastroenterological symptoms has increased with the spread of the omicron variants. Furthermore, there are also signs of liver involvement in infected people. In the acute phase, increased liver enzymes and acute decompensation of pre-existing liver disease are observed, which can deteriorate into acute-on-chronic liver failure. Long-term sequelae of a SARS-CoV-2 infection must be distinguished from this. These sequelae can manifest either as direct infection- or therapy-associated sequelae, such as the development of secondary sclerosing cholangitis after intensive care therapy or as symptoms in the context of a post-coronavirus disease (COVID) syndrome. The pathophysiology leading to the development of a post-COVID syndrome is still unclear;here, the influence of the intestinal microbiome is discussed. This review article presents acute gastroenterological symptoms and long-term sequelae of a SARS-CoV-2 infection, which we are increasingly confronted with in clinical practice.Copyright © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature.
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Introduction: Long-COVID patients are individuals that have ongoing symptoms persisting for weeks to months after SARS-CoV-2 infection. The incidence is increasing and more studies are necessary to deepen the knowledge of these patients. Objective(s): To investigate the clinical profile, symptomatology and sequelae of long-COVID patients. Method(s): In this observational study, long-COVID patients were included and evaluated by an internet survey. Sociodemographic data were obtained from the patient together with the COVID-19 Yorkshire Rehabilitation Screening Tool (C19-YRS). Consent of the patient was sought at the beginning of the survey. Result(s): Finally, 89 patients were included in the study. The main age was 43,34 +/-7,85 years, they were overweight, and non-smokers (84%), the 85,4% were females and the median time of infection was 8,18 +/-3,93 months. The results have shown significant impairments in dyspnea at rest or under exercise, personal care, pain, fatigue, psychological distress, and quality of life after COVID infection. Additionally, patients have referred sensitivity of the throat, voice and swallowing impairment, gastrointestinal disorders, and attention and memory problems. Conclusion(s): Patients with long- COVID present multiple sequelae that affect their health status, being necessary more future studies.
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SCOPO DEL LAVORO: Long COVID is defined as the continuation of symptoms much longer than usually expected or the persistence of symptoms despite the recovery of the infection. While research on long COVID is in full swing, only little attention has been paid to the associated psychiatric symptoms. In particular, the association between long COVID and somatic symptom disorders (SSD) has been overlooked. Beyond anxiety and depression symptoms, patients with COVID-19 present a high risk to develop SSD. SSD, previously known as somatoform disorders, have been defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) as persistent and clinically significant somatic symptoms accompanied by excessive and disproportionate health-related thoughts, feelings and behaviours regarding the symptoms. Noviello et Al (2021) in their study show that acute SARS-CoV-2 infection may affect the brain-gut axis. Five months after the acute infection, mild gastroenterological symptoms persist, in particular in patients reporting diarrhea in the acute phase of the infection. Infected patients are also at increased risk of chronic fatigue and somatoform disorders, thus supporting the hypothesis that both functional gastrointestinal (like IBS) and somatoform disorders may have a common biological origin. IBS present an impairment in interoception and high levels of alexithymia. Interoception refers to the ability to accurately detect internal body changes. Alexithymia is a personality construct that implies difficulties identifying and describing one's own feelings, limited imaginative processes, an externally oriented cognitive style, and difficulties in distinguishing between feelings and bodily sensations. This construct is associated with many disorders, such as gastrointestinal pathologies. Given the relationship between long covid disease and gastrointestinal somatoform disorders (like IBS), and between interoceptive abilities and Irritable Bowel Syndrome, then it's conceivable a mediating role of interoceptive abilities in long covid IBS that deserves to be analyzed. MATERIALI E METODI: Subjects: All the patients aged between 18 and 60 years who tested positive at least 5 months before. Measures: - Toronto Alexithymia Scale - Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale - Structured Assessment of Gastrointestinal Symptoms (SAGIS) questionnaire - Heart Rate Variability - Blood samples were collected between 8:30 am and 9:00 am. RISULTATI: There is a deficiency in interoceptive skills and high levels of alexithymia in patients with IBS and who have been infected with covid. CONCLUSIONI: In a current society, undermined by the psychophysical consequences of covid, Identifying factors that affect the well-being like Interoception training (as it is a learned skill), renders possible an intervention to modify some of these factors or promote a better understanding of patients with IBS who experience alternate periods of remission and relapse. .
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The mass casualties caused by the delta variant and the wave of the newer "Omicron" variant of SARS-COV-2 in India have brought about great concern among healthcare officials. The government and healthcare agencies are seeking effective strategies to counter the pandemic. The application of nanotechnology and repurposing of drugs are reported as promising approaches in the management of COVID-19 disease. It has also immensely boomed the search for productive, re-liable, cost-effective, and bio-assimilable alternative solutions. Since ancient times, the traditional-ly employed Ayurvedic bhasmas have been used for diverse infectious diseases, which are now employed as nanomedicine that could be applied for managing COVID-19-related health anomalies. Like currently engineered metal nanoparticles (NPs), the bhasma nanoparticles (BNPs) are also packed with unique physicochemical properties, including multi-elemental nanocrystalline compo-sition, size, shape, dissolution, surface charge, hydrophobicity, and multi-pathway regulatory as well as modulatory effects. Because of these conformational and configurational-based physico-chemical advantages, Bhasma NPs may have promising potential to manage the COVID-19 pandemic and reduce the incidence of pneumonia-like common lung infections in children as well as age-related inflammatory diseases via immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and adju-vant-related properties.Copyright © 2023 Bentham Science Publishers.
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The safety of COVID-19 pharmacotherapy is a relevant issue, first of all, because of the current lack of experience with using particular medicinal products and with off-label prescribing. The aim of the study was to analyse information on potential adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and their predictors in etiology- and pathogenesis-oriented COVID-19 therapy. According to literature data, the main clinically significant risk factors for COVID-19 patients to develop an ADR are the duration of their hospital stay, combined use of antivirals, polypharmacy, and their history of drug allergies. The most common adverse reactions to antivirals, to virus-neutralising antibodies, and to human anti-COVID-19 immunoglobulin and convalescent plasma are, respectively, gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary disorders;gastrointestinal disorders, neurological disorders, and allergic reactions;and transfusion reactions (fever, chills, etc.). For pathogenesis-oriented therapy with systemic glucocorticosteroids, the most characteristic ADR is hyperglycaemia. Janus kinase inhibitors and interleukin inhibitors are most often associated with gastrointestinal disorders and hypertransaminasemia;neutropenia is also characteristic of a number of interleukin inhibitors. Haemostatic adverse reactions to anticoagulants depend on the patient's dosing regimen and condition. Drug-drug interactions are a common problem in COVID-19 treatment, with the combination of nirmatrelvir and ritonavir showing the largest number of significant interactions attributed to their pharmacokinetics. Currently, there is data on the role of pharmacogenetic biomarkers in the safety and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 therapy. Thus, to improve the safety of COVID-19 therapy, an integrated approach is needed that will take into account both the clinical, demographic, and pharmacogenetic predictors of ADRs and the risk of drug-drug interactions.Copyright © 2023 Safety and Risk of Pharmacotherapy. All rights reserved.